Supplement

Maintaining energy during caloric restriction depends primarily on dietary composition, not supplements. This article covers the evidence-ranked approach to energy management during weight loss — from macronutrient foundations to micronutrient adequacy to targeted supplementation where evidence supports it.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has documented but small body composition effects in human RCTs. This article reviews the evidence, realistic effect sizes, the controversy around insulin sensitivity, and how CLA compares to other supplement options for weight management.

Collagen supplements have evidence for specific applications — skin elasticity, joint pain, and potentially wound healing — but limited evidence for weight loss specifically. This article examines the evidence by application, the protein quality of collagen, and who may benefit from supplementation.